So, you’ve decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac’s performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we’ll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

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A list of all Mac OS X versions

We’ll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it’s good to know the basic macOS timeline.

This site is provided for the convenience of users of RasMol and developers of open source versions of RasMol. Login; Registration; Saved Software; Top Downloads. Easy Translator for Mac OS X. Swordfish for Mac OS X. The R Commander.

Cheetah 10.0	Puma 10.1	Jaguar 10.2
Panther 10.3	Tiger 10.4	Leopard 10.5
Snow Leopard 10.6	Lion 10.7	Mountain Lion 10.8
Mavericks 10.9	Yosemite 10.10	El Capitan 10.11
Sierra 10.12	High Sierra 10.13	Mojave 10.14
Catalina 10.15

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn’t new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have “fuel” to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren’t comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic “room cleaners”. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it’s most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That’s why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you’ll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn’t always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

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This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

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Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

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The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it’s possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

“I can’t download an old version of Mac OS X”

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don’t expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you’ve completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
4. Select external drive as a source.
5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is “captured” onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
2. Connect the external drive.
3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.

Macintosh Software for Molecular Biology

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• Gene Coder
  GeneCoder is a comprehensive and customizable Molecular Biology Software package for use in molecular cloning and sequence analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Available for mac and windows OS.
• Bifido Punnet Square Calculator
  'We represent interesting and unique product in biology education and science, specifically in genetics - Bifido Punnett Square Calculator. This is useful and fast genetic calculator for predicting the offspring results of genetic crosses. The application can show all possible allelic combinations of gametes and produce genotypes and phenotypes ratio and probability for these crosses. You can easily generate punnett squares with unlimited number of genes and results will be ready in less than one second due to unique algorithms of this calculator. The complete accuracy of these results we can guarantee. From now punnett squares calculation will no longer be the hard work for you, because you can get this free powerful genetic calculator.'
• XPlasMap
  XPlasMap is a DNA mapping program for MacOS 10.4 or higher. It draws plasmid or linear DNA maps, showing features such as genes, multiple cloning sites, and restriction sites. The maps are highly customizable: colors, styles, position, and overall appearance of features can be changed. Fragments can be copied or cut, and inserted into different maps or turned into maps on their own (virtual cloning). We have tested it here at cellbiol.com, it works, it's free. Great stuff.
• Enzyme X
  EnzymeX helps molecular biologists to determine which restriction enzymes they should use to cut their DNA of interest. In addition, it gives all the specific properties of these enzymes so that you can make sure that every digestion is a success.
• DNA Aid
  As the author says, 'DNAid is not a heavyweight package which will run your 'just-sequenced gene' through every prediction or analysis algorithm in the known universe.' However, it is a very usefull application that allows to perform all the basic manipulations of DNA sequences such as restriction mapping, translation, reverse-complement and others. Freeware, thanks to Frédéric Dardel
• 4Peaks
  4Peaks is a program that help molecular biologists to visualize and edit their DNA sequence files. At last there is a decent solution for analyzing trace files on the MacOSX platform, taking another step away from slow and non-native programs from the MacOS9 period. Also, 4Peaks supports most commonly used sequence file formats right out of the box, you no longer have to convert them first using AppleScripts or other painstaking methods. Analyzing your sequence was never so much fun! Key features:
  - Reading and writing of most common trace file formats.
  - Direct access to both sequence and translation.
  - Ability to edit and correct the sequence. Keep interesting parts only, or export your data as text or FASTA files.
  - Quickly search for a sequence or translation, navigate through your file by selecting pieces of either sequence or translation.
• DNA Strider
  A bit dated but still great full featured sequence manipulation application for the mac. Freeware. Unfortunately Strider will not run on recent Macs, as it requires a 'Classic' environment. Will work great on older machines

Linux Software for Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics

• Bio-Linux
  Bio-Linux is a fully featured, powerful, configurable and easy to maintain bioinformatics workstation. Bio-Linux provides more than 500 bioinformatics programs on an Ubuntu Linux base. There is a graphical menu for bioinformatics programs, as well as easy access to the Bio-Linux bioinformatics documentation system and sample data useful for testing programs. You can also install Bio-Linux packages to handle new generation sequence data types
• BioPuppy
  BioPuppy is an minimal Linux OS and electronic workbench for bio-informatics and computational biology. It has been designed to meet the needs of beginners, learners, students, staffs and Research scholars
• EMBOSS
  EMBOSS is 'The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite'. EMBOSS is a free Open Source software analysis package specially developed for the needs of the molecular biology (e.g. EMBnet) user community. The software automatically copes with data in a variety of formats and even allows transparent retrieval of sequence data from the web. Also, as extensive libraries are provided with the package, it is a platform to allow other scientists to develop and release software in true open source spirit. EMBOSS also integrates a range of currently available packages and tools for sequence analysis into a seamless whole. EMBOSS breaks the historical trend towards commercial software packages. Also check out the EMBOSS Administrator's Guide
• Linux basics
  Excellent summary of all you really need to know about linux commands, in one single page

PC Software for Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics

• MB DNA Analysis
  Features of MB: restriction analysis (incl. plasmid / linear DNA drawing), promoter, amino acids analysis, multiple sequence alignment tool (Needleman-Wunsch algorithm), dot plot, calculation of molecular weights and chemical properties of proteins, prediction of 3D structures for small amino acids sequences. Other features: estimation of isoelectric point for proteins and primer design.
• EMBOSS for windows
  This work is an attempt to make the EMBOSS package run on Windows PCs. EMBOSS is a free open source software set of high-quality sequence analysis programs mainly designed for the Unix operating system. The ambition of this work is to provide an easy-to-install and easy-to-use EMBOSS distribution for the Windows platform (NT, 2000 or XP).
• CLC Sequence Viewer
  CLC Sequence Viewer creates a software environment enabling users to make a large number of bioinformatics analyses, combined with smooth data management, and excellent graphical viewing and output options. The software package is a community edition, available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Download is free of charge
• Gene Designer 2.0
  Gene Designer 2.0 encompasses a complete and visually rich set of tools to bring your creative ideas to completion
• MB DNA Analysis
  MB is a free Windows DNA analysis program
• Gene Palette
  GenePalette is a powerful cross-platform and cross-species desktop application for genome sequence visualization and navigation. Users can download segments of genome sequence from NCBI’s GenBank database from a variety of organisms, preserving the gene annotation. Sequence elements of interest (transcription factor binding sites, other regulatory motifs, restriction enzyme sites, primer sequences, SNPs, microsatellites, etc.) can be searched for and identified in the loaded sequence, and then clearly visualized within a colorful graphical representation
• Gene Designer 2.0
  UGENE is a free open-source cross-platform bioinformatics software. It works perfectly on Windows, Mac OS and Linux and requires only a few clicks to install
• Picky
  PICKY is a software tool for selecting optimal oligonucleotides (oligos). PICKY allows the rapid and efficient determination of gene-specific oligos based on given gene sets, and can be used for large, complex genomes such as human, mouse, or maize. PICKY can also be used to analyze existing microarray probes and evaluate their design quality
• RasTop
  RasTop is a molecular visualization software adapted from the program RasMol, which was initially developed by Roger Sayle. RasTop is particularly adapted for educational purposes and for the rapid analysis of macromolecules at the bench. RasTop wraps a user-friendly graphical interface around the 'RasMol molecular engine'